01. Uhlelwa njani iirecarburizers
IiCarburizers zinokwahlulwa ngokweendidi ezine ngokwemathiriyeli yazo ekrwada.
1. Igraphite eyenziweyo
Eyona nto iphambili ekrwada yokwenziwa kwegraphite yokwenziwa ngumgubo wecoke yepetroleum ekumgangatho ophezulu, apho i-asphalt yongezwa njenge-binder, kwaye inani elincinci lezinye izinto ezincedisayo zongezwa. Emva kokuba izinto ezahlukeneyo eziluhlaza zixutywe kunye, zicinezelwe kwaye zenziwe, kwaye emva koko ziphathwe kwindawo engeyiyo i-oxidizing kwi-2500-3000 ° C ukuze zenze i-graphitized. Emva kokunyanga kweqondo lokushisa eliphezulu, umlotha, isulfure kunye nomxholo wegesi uyancitshiswa kakhulu.
Ngenxa yexabiso eliphezulu leemveliso ezenziweyo zegraphite, uninzi lwezinto ezenziweyo zegraphite recarburizers ezidla ngokusetyenziswa kwiFoundries zizinto ezisetyenzisiweyo ezinje ngeetshiphusi, inkunkuma yombane kunye neebhloko zegraphite xa kusenziwa iielectrode zegraphite ukunciphisa iindleko zemveliso.
Xa unyibilikisa isinyithi se-ductile, ukwenzela ukuba umgangatho we-metallurgical we-iron cast uphakamileyo, i-graphite eyenziweyo kufuneka ibe yinto yokuqala yokukhetha i-recarburizer.
2. I-petroleum coke
I-petroleum coke sisixhobo esisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwi-recarburizer.
I-petroleum coke yimveliso efunyenwe ngokucokisa i-oyile ekrwada. Iintsalela kunye ne-petroleum pitches ezifunyenwe ngokuxutywa kwe-distillation phantsi koxinzelelo oluqhelekileyo okanye phantsi koxinzelelo oluncitshisiweyo lwe-oyile ekrwada zingasetyenziswa njengezinto ezibonakalayo zokwenza i-petroleum coke, kwaye emva koko i-petroleum coke eluhlaza inokufumaneka emva kokupheka. Imveliso ye-petroleum coke eluhlaza imalunga ne-5% yexabiso le-oyile ekrwada esetyenziswayo. Imveliso yonyaka yepetroleum coke ekrwada eUnited States imalunga neetoni ezingama-30 ezigidi. Umxholo wokungcola kwi-coke ye-petroleum eluhlaza iphezulu, ngoko ayikwazi ukusetyenziswa ngokuthe ngqo njenge-recarburizer, kwaye kufuneka ifakwe i-calcined kuqala.
I-petroleum coke ekrwada ifumaneka ngokufana nesipontshi, njengenaliti, iifom zegranular kunye nolwelo.
Isiponji sepetroleum coke silungiswa ngokulibaziseka kwendlela yokupheka. Ngenxa yesulfure ephezulu kunye nomxholo wesinyithi, idla ngokusetyenziswa njengamafutha ngexesha lokubala, kwaye ingasetyenziselwa njengento eluhlaza kwi-coke ye-petroleum calcined. I-coke ye-sponge e-calcined isetyenziswa kakhulu kwishishini le-aluminium kunye ne-recarburizer.
Inaliti ye-petroleum coke ilungiswa ngokulibaziseka kwendlela yokupheka kunye nezinto eziluhlaza kunye nomxholo ophezulu we-hydrocarbons enevumba elimnandi kunye nomxholo ophantsi wokungcola. Le coke inokwakheka ngokulula njengenaliti, ngamanye amaxesha ibizwa ngokuba yigraphite coke, kwaye isetyenziswa ikakhulu ukwenza iielectrode zegraphite emva kokubala.
I-petroleum coke yegranular ikwimo yeegranules ezinzima kwaye yenziwe kwizinto eziluhlaza ezinomxholo ophezulu wesulfure kunye ne-asphaltene ngokulibaziseka kwendlela yokupheka, kwaye isetyenziswa kakhulu njengamafutha.
I-coke ye-petroleum ene-fluidized ifumaneka ngokucofa ngokuqhubekayo kwibhedi emanzi.
Ukubalwa kwe-petroleum coke kukususa isulfure, ukufuma, kunye nokuguquguquka. Ukubalwa kwecoke yepetroleum eluhlaza ku-1200-1350°C kungayenza icoceke kakhulu ikhabhoni.
Umsebenzisi omkhulu we-coke ye-petroleum ye-calcined yimboni ye-aluminium, i-70% yayo isetyenziselwa ukwenza i-anodes yokunciphisa i-bauxite. Malunga ne-6% ye-coke ye-petroleum eyenziwe nge-calcined eveliswa e-United States isetyenziselwa i-iron recarburizers.
3. Igraphite yendalo
Igraphite yendalo inokohlulwa ibe ziindidi ezimbini: i-flake graphite kunye ne-microcrystalline graphite.
I-Microcrystalline graphite inomxholo ophezulu wothuthu kwaye ayisetyenziswa ngokubanzi njenge-recarburizer yentsimbi etyhidiweyo.
Kukho iintlobo ezininzi ze-flake graphite: i-carbon flake graphite ephezulu kufuneka ikhutshwe ngeendlela zemichiza, okanye ifudunyezwe kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu ukubola kunye nokutshabalalisa i-oxides kuyo. Umxholo womlotha kwigraphite uphezulu, ngoko ke akufanelekanga ukusetyenziswa njenge-recarburizer; i-carbon graphite ephakathi isetyenziswa ikakhulu njenge-recarburizer, kodwa isixa asikho kakhulu.
4. I-Coke kunye ne-Anthracite
Kwinkqubo yokwenza i-steelmaking ye-arc yombane, i-coke okanye i-anthracite inokudityaniswa njenge-recarburizer xa itshaja. Ngenxa yothuthu lwalo oluphezulu kunye nomxholo oguquguqukayo, isithando somlilo sokunyibilikisa intsimbi etyhidiweyo ayifane isetyenziswe njenge-recarburizer.
Ngokuphuculwa okuqhubekayo kweemfuno zokukhusela okusingqongileyo, ingqwalasela engakumbi nangakumbi ihlawulwa ekusebenziseni izixhobo, kwaye amaxabiso e-pig iron kunye ne-coke ayaqhubeka nokunyuka, okubangelwa ukunyuka kweendleko zokuphosa. Iziseko ezingakumbi ziqala ukusebenzisa iziko lombane ukuze zithathe indawo yokunyibilika kwecupola yemveli. Ekuqaleni kuka-2011, indawo yokusebenzela yamacandelo amancinci naphakathi kwifektri yethu nayo yamkele inkqubo yokunyibilikisa iziko lombane ukuze kuthathelwe indawo inkqubo yesiqhelo yokunyibilika kwecupo. Ukusetyenziswa kwesixa esikhulu sentsimbi ye-scrap kwi-smelting yesithando sombane asikwazi ukunciphisa iindleko kuphela, kodwa nokuphucula iimpawu zemishini yokuphosa, kodwa uhlobo lwe-recarburizer olusetyenzisiweyo kunye nenkqubo ye-carburizing idlala indima ebalulekileyo.
02. Indlela yokusebenzisa i-recarburizer kwi-smelting ye-furnace induction
1 Iintlobo eziphambili ze-recarburizers
Zininzi izinto ezisetyenziswa njengentsimbi ephosiweyo recarburizers, eqhelekileyo esetyenziswa igraphite yokwenziwa, calcined petroleum coke, graphite yendalo, coke, anthracite, kunye nemixube eyenziwe ngezinto ezinjalo.
(1) Igraphite eyenziweyo Phakathi kweentlobo ngeentlobo ze-recarburizers ezikhankanywe ngasentla, umgangatho obalaseleyo yigraphite eyenziweyo. Eyona nto iphambili ekrwada yokwenziwa kwegraphite yokwenziwa ngumgubo wecoke yepetroleum ekumgangatho ophezulu, apho i-asphalt yongezwa njenge-binder, kwaye inani elincinci lezinye izinto ezincedisayo zongezwa. Emva kokuba izinto ezahlukeneyo zekrwada zixutywe kunye, ziyacinezelwa kwaye zenziwe, kwaye emva koko ziphathwe kwi-non-oxidizing atmosphere kwi-2500-3000 ° C ukuze zenze i-graphitized. Emva kokunyanga kweqondo lokushisa eliphezulu, umlotha, isulfure kunye nomxholo wegesi uyancitshiswa kakhulu. Ukuba akukho petroleum coke calcined kubushushu obuphezulu okanye ngobushushu obungonelanga bokubala, umgangatho we-recarburizer uya kuchaphazeleka kakhulu. Ke ngoko, umgangatho we-recarburizer ikakhulu uxhomekeke kwinqanaba legraphitization. I-recarburizer enhle iqulethe i-carbon graphic (iqhekeza elikhulu) Kwi-95% ukuya kwi-98%, umxholo wesulfure ngu-0.02% ukuya kwi-0.05%, kunye nomxholo we-nitrogen (100 ukuya ku-200) × 10-6.
(2) I-petroleum coke isetyenziswa ngokubanzi i-recarburizer. I-petroleum coke yimveliso efunyenwe ekusulungekisweni kwe-oyile ekrwada. Iintsalela kunye ne-petroleum pitches ezifunyenwe kwi-pressure distillation eqhelekileyo okanye i-vacuum distillation ye-oyile ekrwada ingasetyenziswa njengezinto ezikrwada zokwenza i-petroleum coke. Emva kokupheka, i-petroleum coke eluhlaza inokufumaneka. Umxholo uphezulu kwaye awukwazi ukusetyenziswa ngokuthe ngqo njenge-recarburizer, kwaye kufuneka i-calcined kuqala.
(3) Igraphite yendalo inokwahlulwa ibe ziindidi ezimbini: i<em>flake graphite ne<em>microcrystalline graphite. I-Microcrystalline graphite inomxholo ophezulu wothuthu kwaye ayisetyenziswa ngokubanzi njenge-recarburizer yentsimbi etyhidiweyo. Kukho iintlobo ezininzi ze-flake graphite: i-carbon flake graphite ephezulu kufuneka ikhutshwe ngeendlela zemichiza, okanye ifudunyezwe kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu ukubola kunye nokutshabalalisa i-oxides kuyo. Isiqulatho sothuthu kwigraphite siphezulu kwaye akufanele sisetyenziswe njenge-recarburizer. I-carbon graphite ephakathi isetyenziswa ikakhulu njenge-recarburizer, kodwa isixa asikho kakhulu.
(4) I-Coke kunye ne-anthracite Kwinkqubo yokunyibilikisa kwesithando somlilo, i-coke okanye i-anthracite inokongezwa njenge-recarburizer xa itshaja. Ngenxa yothuthu lwalo oluphezulu kunye nomxholo oguquguqukayo, isithando somlilo sokunyibilikisa intsimbi etyhidiweyo ayifane isetyenziswe njenge-recarburizer. , Ixabiso lale recarburizer liphantsi, kwaye liphantsi kwe-recarburizer ephantsi.
2. Umgaqo we-carburization yentsimbi etyhidiweyo
Kwinkqubo ye-smelting ye-synthetic cast iron, ngenxa yobuninzi be-scrap eyongeziweyo kunye nomxholo ophantsi we-C kwintsimbi etyhidiweyo, i-carburizer kufuneka isetyenziswe ukwandisa ikhabhoni. Ikhabhoni ekhoyo kwifom ye-element kwi-recarburizer ineqondo lokushisa elinyibilikayo le-3727 ° C kwaye ayinakunyibilika kwiqondo lokushisa lentsimbi etyhidiweyo. Ke ngoko, ikhabhoni ekwirecarburizer inyibilika ikakhulu kwintsimbi enyibilikisiweyo ngeendlela ezimbini zokunyibilika kunye nokusasazwa. Xa umxholo we-graphite recarburizer kwintsimbi etyhidiweyo yi-2.1%, igraphite inokunyibilika ngokuthe ngqo kwintsimbi etyhidiweyo. Isisombululo esithe ngqo se-non-graphite carbonization ngokusisiseko asikho, kodwa ngokuhamba kwexesha, i-carbon isasazeka ngokuthe ngcembe kwaye inyibilika kwintsimbi etyhidiweyo. Ukuphinda kufakwe intsimbi enyibilikisiweyo ngeziko lokungeniswa, izinga lokuphinda liphinde lifakwe kwicrystalline graphite recarburization liphezulu kakhulu kunelo le-non-graphite recarburization.
Iimvavanyo zibonisa ukuba ukuchithwa kwekhabhoni kwintsimbi etyhidiweyo kulawulwa yi-carbon mass transfer in the liquid boundary layer phezu kwamasuntswana aqinileyo. Ukuthelekisa iziphumo ezifunyenweyo kunye ne-coke kunye namaqhekeza amalahle kunye neziphumo ezifunyenwe ngegraphite, kufunyenwe ukuba isantya sokusasazwa kunye nokuchithwa kwe-graphite recarburizers kwintsimbi etyhidiweyo ikhawuleza kakhulu kune-coke kunye namaqhekeza amalahle. I-coke enyibilikileyo kunye neesampulu zamalahle zamalahle zabonwa nge-electron microscope, kwaye kwafunyaniswa ukuba umaleko obhityileyo wothuthu oluncangathi lwenziwa kumphezulu weisampulu, eyona nto yayichaphazela ukusasazwa kunye nokusebenza kokunyibilika kwintsimbi etyhidiweyo.
3. Izinto ezichaphazela umphumo wokunyuka kwekhabhoni
(1) Impembelelo yobungakanani besuntswana le-recarburizer Izinga lokufunxa kwe-recarburizer lixhomekeke kwisiphumo esidityanisiweyo sokunyibilika kunye nesantya sokusasazwa kwe-recarburizer kunye nesantya sokulahleka kwe-oxidation. Ngokuqhelekileyo, iinqununu ze-recarburizer zincinci, isantya sokuchithwa sikhawuleza, kwaye isantya sokulahlekelwa sikhulu; amasuntswana e-carburizer makhulu, isantya sokunyibilika sicotha, kwaye isantya sokulahleka sincinci. Ukukhethwa kobungakanani beqhekeza le-recarburizer kuhambelana nobubanzi kunye nomthamo wesithando somlilo. Ngokubanzi, xa ububanzi kunye nomthamo wesithando somlilo sikhulu, ubukhulu be-particle ye-recarburizer kufuneka ibe nkulu; ngokuchaseneyo, ubungakanani besuntswana le-recarburizer kufuneka libe lincinci.
(2) Impembelelo yesixa se-recarburizer eyongeziweyo Phantsi kweemeko zobushushu obuthile kunye nokwakheka kweekhemikhali ezifanayo, ukuxinwa kwekhabhoni kwintsimbi etyhidiweyo kuqinisekile. Ngaphantsi kweqondo elithile lokuzalisa, kokukhona i-recarburizer yongezwa, ixesha elide elifunekayo lokuchithwa kunye nokusasazwa, inkulu ilahleko ehambelanayo, kwaye isezantsi isantya sokufunxa.
(3) Isiphumo seqondo lobushushu kumlinganiselo wokufunxa we-recarburizer Ngokomgaqo, ukuphakama kweqondo lobushushu lentsimbi etyhidiweyo, kokukhona kulungeleka ngakumbi ukufunxa kunye nokunyibilika kwe-recarburizer. Ngokuchasene noko, i-recarburizer kunzima ukuyinyibilika, kwaye izinga lokufunxa kwakhona liyancipha. Nangona kunjalo, xa iqondo lobushushu lentsimbi etyhidiweyo liphezulu kakhulu, nangona i-recarburizer inokwenzeka ukuba inyibilike ngokupheleleyo, isantya sokutshiswa kwekhabhoni siya kunyuka, okuya kuthi ekugqibeleni kukhokhelele ekwehleni komxholo wekhabhoni kunye nokuncipha kuyo yonke into. izinga lokufunxa kwe-recarburizer. Ngokubanzi, xa ubushushu bentsimbi enyibilikisiweyo buphakathi kwe-1460 kunye ne-1550 °C, ukusebenza kakuhle kokufunxa kwe-recarburizer yeyona nto ilungileyo.
(4) Impembelelo yentsimbi enyibilikisiweyo inyakaza kwisantya sokufunxa kwe-recarburizer Ukuzalisa kuluncedo ekunyibilikeni nasekusasazekeni kwekhabhoni, kwaye kunqanda i-recarburizer ukuba idada phezu komphezulu wentsimbi enyibilikisiweyo kwaye itshiswe. Ngaphambi kokuba i-recarburizer ichithwe ngokupheleleyo, ixesha lokuvuselela lide kwaye izinga lokufunxa liphezulu. Ukuvuselela kunokunciphisa ixesha lokubamba i-carbonization, ukunciphisa umjikelezo wemveliso, kwaye ugweme ukutshiswa kwezinto ezixutywayo kwintsimbi etyhidiweyo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba ixesha lokuvuselela lide kakhulu, alinayo nje impembelelo enkulu kubomi benkonzo yesithando somlilo, kodwa kwandisa ukulahleka kwekhabhoni kwintsimbi etyhidiweyo emva kokuba i-recarburizer ichithwe. Ngoko ke, ixesha elifanelekileyo lokuvuselela intsimbi etyhidiweyo kufuneka lifaneleke ukuqinisekisa ukuba i-recarburizer iyachithwa ngokupheleleyo.
(5) Impembelelo yokwakheka kweekhemikhali zentsimbi enyibilikisiweyo kwisantya sokufunxa kwe-recarburizer Xa isiqulatho sokuqala sekhabhoni kwintsimbi enyibilikisiweyo siphezulu, phantsi komda othile wokunyibilika, izinga lokufunxa kwe-recarburizer liyacotha, isixa sokufunxa sincinci. , kwaye ilahleko evuthayo inkulu ngokwentelekiso. Izinga lokufunxa kwakhona i-recarburizer liphantsi. Okuchaseneyo kuyinyaniso xa umxholo wokuqala wekhabhoni wentsimbi etyhidiweyo uphantsi. Ukongeza, i-silicon kunye nesulfure kwintsimbi etyhidiweyo ithintela ukufunxwa kwekhabhoni kunye nokunciphisa isantya sokufunxa kwe-recarburizers; ngelixa i-manganese inceda ukufunxa ikhabhoni kunye nokuphucula izinga lokufunxa kwe-recarburizers. Ngokwezinga lempembelelo, i-silicon inkulu, ilandelwa yi-manganese, kunye nekhabhoni kunye nesulfure zinempembelelo encinci. Ngoko ke, kwinkqubo yokuvelisa, i-manganese kufuneka yongezwe kuqala, emva kwekhabhoni, kunye ne-silicon.
4. Impembelelo ye-recarburizers eyahlukeneyo kwiipropati zentsimbi
(1) Iimeko zovavanyo Iziko ezimbini ze-5t ze-intermediate intermediate frequency induction induction zisetyenziselwa ukunyibilika, kunye namandla aphezulu angama-3000kW kunye nokuphindaphinda kwe-500Hz. Ngokoluhlu lwemihla ngemihla lwendibano yocweyo (i-50% yempahla yokubuyisela, i-20% yentsimbi yehagu, i-30% ye-scrap), sebenzisa i-recarburizer ene-nitrogen ephantsi kunye ne-graphite-type recarburizer ukunyibilikisa iziko lentsimbi enyibilikisiweyo ngokulandelelana, ngokulandelelana iimfuno zenkqubo Emva kokulungelelanisa ukubunjwa kweekhemikhali, phosa i-cylinder main bearing cap ngokulandelanayo.
Inkqubo yokuvelisa: I-recarburizer yongezwa kwi-furnace yombane kwiibhetshi ngexesha lokutya kwe-smelting, i-0.4% ye-primary inoculant (i-silicon barium inoculant) yongezwa kwinkqubo yokucofa, kunye ne-0.1% ye-second flow inoculant (i-Silicon barium inoculant). Sebenzisa umgca wesitayile we-DISA2013.
(2) Iimpawu zoomatshini Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ifuthe lee-recarburizers ezibini ezahlukeneyo kwiipropathi zentsimbi etyhidiweyo, kunye nokuthintela impembelelo yokwakheka kwentsimbi enyibilikisiweyo kwiziphumo, ukwakheka kwentsimbi enyibilikisiweyo enyibilikiswa zirecarburizers ezahlukeneyo kwahlengahlengiswa ukuze kufane ngokusisiseko. . Ukuze uqinisekise ngokupheleleyo iziphumo, kwinkqubo yovavanyo, ukongeza kwiiseti ezimbini ze-Ø30mm imivalo yovavanyo yagalelwa kwiziko ezibini zentsimbi etyhidiweyo, iziqwenga eziyi-12 zentsimbi etyhidiweyo zakhethwa ngokungakhethiyo kuvavanyo lobulukhuni beBrinell. (iziqwenga ezi-6 / ibhokisi, uvavanyo lweebhokisi ezimbini).
Kwimeko ephantse yabunjwa ngendlela efanayo, amandla eebha zovavanyo eziveliswa kusetyenziswa i-graphite-type recarburizer iphezulu kakhulu kunolo lwemivalo yovavanyo ephoswe kusetyenziswa i-calcined-type recarburizer, kunye nokusetyenzwa kokwenziwa kwezinto eziveliswa i-graphite-type recarburizer ngokucacileyo ingcono kuneyaveliswa ngokusebenzisa i-graphite-type recarburizer. I-castings eveliswa yi-calcined recarburizers (xa ubunzima bokuphosa buphezulu kakhulu, i-edge of castings iya kubonakala i-jupping knife phenomenon ngexesha lokucubungula).
(3) Iifom zegraphite zeesampulu ezisebenzisa i-graphite-type recarburizer zonke ziyi-graphite yohlobo lwe-A, kwaye inani legraphite likhulu kwaye ubungakanani buncinci.
Ezi zigqibo zilandelayo zithathwa kwiziphumo zovavanyo ezingentla: umgangatho ophezulu we-graphite-type recarburizer ayikwazi nje ukuphucula iimpawu zomatshini wokuphosa, ukuphucula ubume be-metallographic, kodwa kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kwe-castings.
03. I-Epilogue
(1) Izinto ezichaphazela izinga lokufunxa kwe-recarburizer bubungakanani besuntswana le-recarburizer, ubungakanani berecarburizer eyongeziweyo, iqondo lobushushu lokubuyisela, ixesha lokushukuma kwentsimbi etyhidiweyo kunye nokwakheka kweekhemikhali zentsimbi etyhidiweyo.
(2) Umgangatho ophezulu we-graphite-uhlobo lwe-recarburizer alukwazi nje ukuphucula iimpawu zomatshini zokuphosa, ukuphucula isakhiwo se-metallographic, kodwa nokuphucula ukusebenza kokuchithwa. Ngoko ke, xa uvelisa iimveliso eziphambili ezifana neebhloko ze-cylinder kunye neentloko ze-cylinder kwinkqubo yokunyibilika kwesithando somlilo, kuyacetyiswa ukuba kusetyenziswe i-recarburizers yodidi oluphezulu lwe-graphite.
Ixesha lokuposa: Nov-08-2022