Ukusetyenziswa kweCarbon Raiser kwiMveliso yokuCaster

I. Indlela yokwahlulahlula ii-recarburizers

IiCarburizers zingahlulwa zibe ziintlobo ezine ngokwezinto ezisetyenzisiweyo.

1. Igrafayithi yokwenziwa

Izinto ezisetyenziswa kakhulu ekwenzeni i-graphite yokwenziwa yi-coke ye-petroleum ecoliweyo ekumgangatho ophezulu, apho i-asphalt yongezwa njenge-binder, kwaye kongezwa inani elincinci lezinye izinto ezincedisayo. Emva kokuba izinto ezahlukeneyo zixutywe kunye, ziyacinezelwa kwaye zenziwe, emva koko ziphathwe kwindawo engena-oxidizing kwi-2500-3000 ° C ukuze zenziwe i-graphitized. Emva konyango lobushushu obuphezulu, umxholo wothuthu, isalfure kunye negesi uncipha kakhulu.

Ngenxa yexabiso eliphezulu leemveliso zegrafiti yokwenziwa, uninzi lwee-recarburizers zegrafiti yokwenziwa ezisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiindawo zokusekwa zizinto eziphinda zisetyenziswe ezifana neetships, ii-electrode zenkunkuma kunye neebhloko zegrafiti xa kusenziwa ii-electrode zegrafiti ukunciphisa iindleko zemveliso.

Xa kunyibilikiswa intsimbi ethambileyo, ukuze umgangatho wesinyithi otyhidiweyo ube phezulu, i-graphite yokwenziwa kufuneka ibe lukhetho lokuqala kwi-recarburizer.

2. I-coke yepetroliyam

I-petroleum coke yindlela esetyenziswa kakhulu yokuhlaziya ii-carburizer.

I-petroleum coke yimveliso efunyanwa ngokucocisa i-oyile ekrwada. Iintsalela kunye nee-petroleum pitches ezifunyenwe ngokucociswa phantsi koxinzelelo oluqhelekileyo okanye phantsi koxinzelelo oluphantsi lwe-oyile ekrwada zingasetyenziswa njengezinto zokwenza i-petroleum coke, kwaye emva koko i-green petroleum coke ingafunyanwa emva kokucociswa. Imveliso ye-green petroleum coke ingaphantsi kwe-5% yenani le-oyile ekrwada esetyenziswayo. Imveliso yonyaka ye-petroleum coke ekrwada eMelika imalunga ne-30 yezigidi zeetoni. Umxholo wokungcola kwi-green petroleum coke uphezulu, ngoko ke awunakusetyenziswa ngokuthe ngqo njenge-recarburizer, kwaye kufuneka ufakwe i-calcium kuqala.

I-coke yepetroleum eluhlaza ifumaneka ngendlela efana nesiponji, efana nenaliti, i-granular kunye ne-fluid.

I-sponge petroleum coke ilungiswa ngendlela yokucola ecothayo. Ngenxa yokuba inomxholo ophezulu wesalfure kunye nesinyithi, idla ngokusetyenziswa njengepetroli ngexesha lokucola, kwaye ingasetyenziswa njengezinto eziluhlaza kwi-calcined petroleum coke. I-calcined sponge coke isetyenziswa kakhulu kwishishini le-aluminium kwaye isetyenziswa njenge-recarburizer.

I-Needle petroleum coke ilungiswa ngendlela yokucola ecothayo ngezinto eziluhlaza ezinomxholo ophezulu wee-hydrocarbons ezinuka kamnandi kunye nomxholo ophantsi wokungcola. Le coke inesakhiwo esifana nenaliti esiqhekeka lula, ngamanye amaxesha esibizwa ngokuba yi-graphite coke, kwaye isetyenziselwa kakhulu ukwenza ii-electrodes ze-graphite emva kwe-calcination.

I-granular petroleum coke ikwimo yeegranules eziqinileyo kwaye yenziwe ngezinto eziluhlaza ezinomxholo ophezulu wesalfure kunye ne-asphaltene ngendlela ye-delayed coking, kwaye isetyenziswa kakhulu njengepetroli.

I-coke yepetroleum enyibilikisiweyo ifumaneka ngokucola rhoqo ebhedini enyibilikisiweyo.

Ukwenziwa kwe-calcination ye-petroleum coke kukususa i-sulfur, umswakama kunye ne-volatiles. Ukwenziwa kwe-calcination ye-petroleum coke eluhlaza kwi-1200-1350°C kunokuyenza ibe yi-carbon ecocekileyo kakhulu.

Eyona nkampani isebenzisa kakhulu i-calcined petroleum coke yishishini le-aluminium, apho ama-70% asetyenziselwa ukwenza ii-anode ezinciphisa i-bauxite. Malunga ne-6% ye-calcined petroleum coke eveliswa eMelika isetyenziselwa ukwenza ii-cast iron recarburizers.

3. Igrafayithi yendalo

I-graphite yendalo inokwahlulwahlulwa ibe ziintlobo ezimbini: i-flake graphite kunye ne-microcrystalline graphite.

I-Microcrystalline graphite inomxholo ophezulu wothuthu kwaye ayisetyenziswa njenge-recarburizer yesinyithi esityhidiweyo.

Kukho iintlobo ngeentlobo ze-flake graphite: i-graphite ene-carbon flake graphite eninzi kufuneka ikhutshwe ngeendlela zeekhemikhali, okanye ifudunyezwe kubushushu obuphezulu ukuze ibole kwaye iguqule ii-oxide ezikuyo. Umxholo wothuthu kwi-graphite uphezulu, ngoko ke akufanelekanga ukusetyenziswa njenge-recarburizer; i-graphite ene-carbon ephakathi isetyenziswa kakhulu njenge-recarburizer, kodwa ubungakanani bayo abuninzi kangako.

 

4. I-Carbon Coke kunye ne-Anthracite

Kwinkqubo yokwenza intsimbi yesithando somlilo se-arc sombane, i-coke okanye i-anthracite zingongezwa njenge-recarburizer xa zitshajwa. Ngenxa yothuthu lwayo oluphezulu kunye nomxholo oguquguqukayo, isinyithi esinyibilikisa isithando somlilo se-induction asisetyenziswa rhoqo njenge-recarburizer.

Ngokuphucuka okuqhubekayo kweemfuno zokukhusela okusingqongileyo, kuqwalaselwa ngakumbi ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, kwaye amaxabiso e-pig iron kunye ne-coke ayaqhubeka nokunyuka, nto leyo ebangela ukunyuka kweendleko zokwenziwa kwe-castings. Iinkampani ezininzi ezisungula izinto ziqala ukusebenzisa izitofu zombane endaweni yokunyibilika kwe-cupola yendabuko. Ekuqaleni kuka-2011, indawo yokusebenzela yamacandelo amancinci naphakathi efektri yethu nayo yamkele inkqubo yokunyibilika kwe-furnace yombane endaweni yenkqubo yokunyibilika kwe-cupola yendabuko. Ukusetyenziswa kwentsimbi eseleyo eninzi ekunyibilikeni kwe-furnace yombane akunakunciphisa iindleko kuphela, kodwa kukwaphucula neempawu zoomatshini zokwenziwa kwe-castings, kodwa uhlobo lwe-recarburizer esetyenzisiweyo kunye nenkqubo ye-carburizing zidlala indima ebalulekileyo.

II. Indlela yokusebenzisa u-ri-ecarburizukunyibilikisa i-induction furnace

1. Iindidi eziphambili zee-recarburizers

Kukho izinto ezininzi ezisetyenziswa njenge-cast iron recarburizers, ezisetyenziswa kakhulu yi-graphite yokwenziwa, i-calcined petroleum coke, i-natural graphite, i-coke, i-anthracite, kunye nemixube eyenziwe ngezo zinto.

(1) I-graphite yokwenziwa Phakathi kwee-recarburizers ezahlukeneyo ezikhankanyiweyo apha ngasentla, umgangatho ongcono yi-graphite yokwenziwa. Izinto eziphambili zokwenza i-graphite yokwenziwa yi-coke ye-petroleum e-calcined esemgangathweni ophezulu egudiweyo, apho i-asphalt yongezwa njenge-binder, kwaye kongezwa inani elincinci lezinye izinto ezincedisayo. Emva kokuba izinto ezahlukeneyo zidityanisiwe, ziyacinezelwa kwaye zenziwe, emva koko ziphathwe kwindawo engena-oxidizing kwi-2500-3000 °C ukuze zenziwe i-graphitized. Emva konyango lobushushu obuphezulu, umxholo wothuthu, i-sulfur kunye negesi uyancipha kakhulu. Ukuba akukho petroleum coke e-calcined kubushushu obuphezulu okanye ubushushu obunganelanga be-calcination, umgangatho we-recarburizer uya kuchaphazeleka kakhulu. Ke ngoko, umgangatho we-recarburizer uxhomekeke kakhulu kwinqanaba le-graphitization. I-recarburizer elungileyo ine-graphitic carbon (inxalenye yobunzima). Kwi-95% ukuya kwi-98%, umxholo wesalfure yi-0.02% ukuya kwi-0.05%, kwaye umxholo we-nitrogen yi-(100 ukuya kwi-200) × 10-6.

(2) I-petroleum coke yi-recarburizer esetyenziswa kakhulu. I-petroleum coke yimveliso ephuma kwi-oyile ecociweyo. Iintsalela kunye nee-petroleum pitches ezifunyenwe kwi-distillation eqhelekileyo yoxinzelelo okanye i-vacuum distillation ye-oyile ecociweyo zingasetyenziswa njengezinto zokwenza i-petroleum coke. Emva kwe-coking, i-petroleum coke eluhlaza ingafunyanwa. Umxholo uphezulu kwaye awunakusetyenziswa ngokuthe ngqo njenge-recarburizer, kwaye kufuneka i-calcined kuqala.

 

(3) I-graphite yendalo inokwahlulwa ibe ziintlobo ezimbini: i-flake graphite kunye ne-microcrystalline graphite. I-Microcrystalline graphite inomxholo ophezulu womlotha kwaye ayisetyenziswa njenge-recarburizer yesinyithi esityhidiweyo. Kukho iintlobo ezininzi ze-flake graphite: i-high carbon flake graphite kufuneka ikhutshwe ngeendlela zeekhemikhali, okanye ifudunyezwe kubushushu obuphezulu ukuze ibole kwaye iguqule ii-oxide ezikuyo. Umxholo womlotha kwi-graphite uphezulu kwaye akufuneki isetyenziswe njenge-recarburizer. I-medium carbon graphite isetyenziswa kakhulu njenge-recarburizer, kodwa ubungakanani bayo abuninzi.

(4) I-Carbon Coke kunye ne-anthracite Kwinkqubo yokunyibilikisa i-induction furnace, i-coke okanye i-anthracite inokongezwa njenge-recarburizer xa itshaja. Ngenxa yothuthu lwayo oluphezulu kunye nomxholo oguquguqukayo, isinyithi esityhidiweyo se-induction furnace asisetyenziswa rhoqo njenge-recarburizer. , Ixabiso lale recarburizer liphantsi, kwaye lelo le-recarburizer yezinga eliphantsi.

 

2. Umgaqo we-carburization yentsimbi enyibilikisiweyo

Kwinkqubo yokunyibilikisa isinyithi esenziwe ngokwenziwa, ngenxa yobuninzi bezinto ezilahliweyo ezongeziweyo kunye nomxholo ophantsi we-C kwisinyithi esinyibilikisiweyo, kufuneka kusetyenziswe i-carburizer ukwandisa ikhabhoni. Ikhabhoni ekhoyo kwimo yento kwi-recarburizer inobushushu bokunyibilikisa obuyi-3727°C kwaye ayinakunyibilikiswa kubushushu besinyithi esinyibilikisiweyo. Ke ngoko, ikhabhoni kwi-recarburizer inyibilikiswa ikakhulu kwisinyithi esinyibilikisiweyo ngeendlela ezimbini zokunyibilikisa kunye nokusasazwa. Xa umxholo we-graphite recarburizer kwisinyithi esinyibilikisiweyo uyi-2.1%, i-graphite inokunyibilikiswa ngokuthe ngqo kwisinyithi esinyibilikisiweyo. Ingxaki yesisombululo esithe ngqo se-non-graphite carbonization ngokusisiseko ayikho, kodwa ngokuhamba kwexesha, ikhabhoni iyasasazeka kancinci kwaye inyibilike kwisinyithi esinyibilikisiweyo. Ukuze kuphinde kunyibilikiswe isinyithi esinyibilikisiweyo ngesithando sokungenisa, izinga lokuphinda kuguqulwe i-crystalline graphite recarburization liphezulu kakhulu kunelo le-non-graphite recarburizers.

Uvavanyo lubonisa ukuba ukunyibilika kwekhabhoni kwisinyithi esinyibilikisiweyo kulawulwa kukudluliselwa kobunzima bekhabhoni kumaleko womda wolwelo kumphezulu weengqayi eziqinileyo. Xa kuthelekiswa iziphumo ezifunyenwe ngeengqayi ze-coke kunye namalahle kunye neziphumo ezifunyenwe nge-graphite, kufunyaniswe ukuba izinga lokusasazeka kunye nokunyibilika kwee-recarburizers ze-graphite kwisinyithi esinyibilikisiweyo likhawuleza kakhulu kuneleengqayi ze-coke kunye namalahle. Iisampulu zeengqayi ze-coke kunye namalahle ezinyibilikisiweyo kancinci zabonwa nge-electron microscope, kwaye kwafunyaniswa ukuba umaleko omncinci womlotha wenziwe kumphezulu weesampulu, nto leyo eyayiyeyona nto iphambili echaphazela ukusasazeka kwazo kunye nokusebenza kwazo kwisinyithi esinyibilikisiweyo.

3. Izinto Ezichaphazela Isiphumo Sokwanda Kwekhabhoni

(1) Impembelelo yobukhulu besuntswana le-recarburizer Izinga lokufunxwa kwe-recarburizer lixhomekeke kwisiphumo esidibeneyo sezinga lokunyibilika kunye nokusasazwa kwe-recarburizer kunye nesantya sokulahleka kwe-oxidation. Ngokubanzi, amasuntswana e-recarburizer mancinci, isantya sokunyibilika siyakhawuleza, kwaye isantya sokulahleka sikhulu; amasuntswana e-carburizer makhulu, isantya sokunyibilika siyacotha, kwaye isantya sokulahleka sincinci. Ukukhetha ubungakanani besuntswana le-recarburizer kunxulumene nobubanzi kunye nomthamo wesithando. Ngokubanzi, xa ububanzi kunye nomthamo wesithando sikhulu, ubungakanani besuntswana le-recarburizer kufuneka bube bukhulu; ngokuchaseneyo, ubungakanani besuntswana le-recarburizer kufuneka bube mncinci.

(2) Impembelelo yobungakanani be-recarburizer eyongeziweyo Phantsi kweemeko zobushushu obuthile kunye nokwakheka okufanayo kweekhemikhali, uxinano olugcweleyo lwekhabhoni kwisinyithi esinyibilikisiweyo luqinisekile. Phantsi kwenqanaba elithile lokugcwala, okukhona i-recarburizer yongezwa ngakumbi, kokukhona ixesha elide elifunekayo lokunyibilika nokusasazwa, kokukhona ilahleko ehambelanayo inkulu, kwaye izinga lokufunxwa liphantsi.

(3) Impembelelo yobushushu kwizinga lokufunxa le-recarburizer. Ngokusisiseko, xa ubushushu bentsimbi enyibilikisiweyo buphezulu, kokukhona i-recarburizer ikwazi ukufunxa nokunyibilikisa. Ngokuchaseneyo, i-recarburizer kunzima ukuyinyibilikisa, kwaye izinga lokufunxa le-recarburizer liyancipha. Nangona kunjalo, xa ubushushu bentsimbi enyibilikisiweyo buphezulu kakhulu, nangona i-recarburizer inokuthi ichithwe ngokupheleleyo, izinga lokulahleka kwekhabhoni liya kwanda, nto leyo eya kuthi ekugqibeleni ikhokelele ekunciphiseni umxholo wekhabhoni kunye nokwehla kwenqanaba lokufunxa le-recarburizer. Ngokubanzi, xa ubushushu bentsimbi enyibilikisiweyo buphakathi kwe-1460 kunye ne-1550 °C, ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-recarburizer yeyona ilungileyo.

(4) Impembelelo yokuxuba isinyithi esinyibilikisiweyo kwizinga lokufunxa i-recarburizer Ukuxuba kuluncedo ekunyibilikeni nasekusasazekeni kwekhabhoni, kwaye kuthintela i-recarburizer ukuba intante phezu komphezulu wesinyithi esinyibilikisiweyo ize itshiswe. Ngaphambi kokuba i-recarburizer inyibilike ngokupheleleyo, ixesha lokuxuba lide kwaye izinga lokufunxa liphezulu. Ukuxuba kunokunciphisa ixesha lokubamba i-carbonization, kufinyeze umjikelo wemveliso, kwaye kuthintele ukutshiswa kwezinto ezixutyiweyo kwisinyithi esinyibilikisiweyo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba ixesha lokuxuba lide kakhulu, alinampembelelo enkulu kuphela kubomi benkonzo yesithando, kodwa likwabangela ukuba ilahleko yekhabhoni kwisinyithi esinyibilikisiweyo emva kokuba i-recarburizer inyibilike. Ke ngoko, ixesha elifanelekileyo lokuxuba isinyithi esinyibilikisiweyo lifanele lifaneleke ukuqinisekisa ukuba i-recarburizer inyibilike ngokupheleleyo.

(5) Impembelelo yokwakheka kweekhemikhali zesinyithi esinyibilikisiweyo kwisantya sokufunxwa kwe-recarburizer Xa umxholo wokuqala wekhabhoni kwisinyithi esinyibilikisiweyo uphezulu, phantsi komda othile wokunyibilika, izinga lokufunxwa kwe-recarburizer licotha, ubungakanani bokufunxwa buncinci, kwaye ilahleko yokutsha inkulu kakhulu. Izinga lokufunxwa kwe-recarburizer liphantsi. Okuchaseneyo kuyinyaniso xa umxholo wokuqala wekhabhoni kwisinyithi esinyibilikisiweyo uphantsi. Ukongeza, i-silicon kunye ne-sulfur kwisinyithi esinyibilikisiweyo zithintela ukufunxwa kwekhabhoni kwaye zinciphisa izinga lokufunxwa kwe-recarburizers; ngelixa i-manganese inceda ekufunxeni ikhabhoni kwaye iphucule izinga lokufunxwa kwe-recarburizers. Ngokuphathelele ubungakanani bempembelelo, i-silicon yeyona inkulu, ilandelwa yi-manganese, kwaye ikhabhoni kunye ne-sulfur zinempembelelo encinci. Ke ngoko, kwinkqubo yokwenyani yemveliso, kufuneka kongezwe i-manganese kuqala, emva koko i-carbon, kwaye emva koko i-silicon.