Ii-electrode ze-graphite zinokusetyenziswa okubalulekileyo kumacandelo e-hydrogen fuel cell kunye namandla enyukliya, kwaye iingenelo zazo eziphambili zivela kwi-conductivity ephezulu yombane wezinto, ukumelana nobushushu, uzinzo lweekhemikhali, kunye nokukwazi ukuguquguquka kwe-neutron. Iimeko ezithile zokusetyenziswa kunye namaxabiso achaziwe ngezantsi:
I. Icandelo leeSeli zeHydrogen Fuel: Inkxaso ePhambili yeePlati zeBipolar kunye nezixhobo zeElectrode
Ukhetho oluPhambili lweePlates zeBipolar
Iiplate ze-graphite bipolar zisebenza “njengomqolo” wee-stacks ze-hydrogen fuel cell, zenza imisebenzi emine ephambili: inkxaso yesakhiwo, ukwahlula igesi, ukuqokelelwa kwangoku, kunye nolawulo lobushushu. Uyilo lwemijelo yabo yokuhamba kwamanzi lwahlula i-hydrogen kunye ne-oxygen ngokufanelekileyo, luqinisekisa ukusasazwa okufanayo kweegesi ezisabelayo kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwempendulo. Kwangaxeshanye, ukuhanjiswa kwazo okuphezulu kobushushu kugcina amaqondo obushushu enkqubo ezinzileyo. Ngo-2024, imveliso kunye nokuthengiswa kwezithuthi ze-hydrogen fuel cell zaseTshayina kwanda ngaphezu kwama-40% unyaka nonyaka, nto leyo eqhubela phambili ngokuthe ngqo ukwanda kwimarike ye-bipolar plate. Iiplate ze-graphite bipolar plate zazibandakanya i-58.7% yesabelo semarike ye-bipolar plate yaseTshayina, ngokuyintloko ngenxa yenzuzo yazo yeendleko (30%-50% iphantsi kuneeplate ze-bipolar zesinyithi) kunye netekhnoloji yokubumba eshushu evuthiweyo.
Indima yokuphucula ukusebenza kwizixhobo ze-Electrode
- Izinto ze-Electrode ezingalunganga: Ukuqhuba kombane okuphezulu kunye nokuzinza kweekhemikhali kwe-graphite kwenza ukuba ibe yinto efanelekileyo kwii-electrode ezingalunganga zeeseli ze-hydrogen fuel, okuvumela ukwamkelwa kwee-electron ngokufanelekileyo kunye nokufunxwa kwee-ion ezilungileyo ngelixa kunciphisa ukumelana kwangaphakathi.
- Isihluzi se-Electrode esiNgcono: Kwi-electrodes ze-sodium/potassium ion exchange resin positive, i-graphite isebenza njengesihluzi se-conductive ukuphucula ukuhanjiswa kwezinto kunye nokuphucula iindlela zothutho lwe-ion.
- Umsebenzi weLeya eKhuselayo: Iingubo zeGraphite zithintela ukudibana ngqo phakathi kwee-electrolytes kunye nezinto ze-electrode ezingalunganga, zithintela ukubola kwe-oxidation kwaye zandise ubomi bebhetri. Umzekelo, elinye ishishini liphindaphinde kabini ubomi bomjikelo wee-electrode ezingalunganga ngokusebenzisa umaleko okhuselayo wegraphite.
Utshintsho lweTekhnoloji kunye namathuba eMarike
Ubungakanani bemarike yeepleyiti zegrafiti ezibhityileyo kakhulu (ubukhulu obuyi-≤ 0.1 mm) ezisetyenziswa kwiipleyiti ze-hydrogen fuel cell bipolar zifikelele kwi-RMB 820 yezigidi ngo-2024, kunye nesantya sokukhula sonyaka sama-45%. Njengoko iinjongo ze-"dual carbon" zaseTshayina ziqhuba uphuhliso lweshishini lamandla e-hydrogen, imakethi yeeseli zamafutha kulindeleke ukuba idlule kwi-RMB 100 yeebhiliyoni ngo-2030, nto leyo enyusa ngokuthe ngqo imfuno yeepleyiti ze-graphite bipolar. Okwangoku, ukwamkelwa okukhulu kwezixhobo zemveliso ye-hydrogen nge-electrolysis yamanzi kwandisa ngakumbi ukusetyenziswa kwee-electrodes zegrafiti kwiinkqubo zokugcina amandla avuselelekayo.
II. Icandelo laMandla eNyukliya: Ukhuseleko oluBalulekileyo loKhuseleko kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kweReactor
Izinto ezingundoqo zokuLawula nokulawula i-Neutron
Ii-electrode zegrafiti zaqala ukuphuhliswa njengezilawuli ze-neutron kwii-reactors ze-axial-graphite, zilawula amazinga okusabela kwenyukliya ngokunciphisa isantya se-neutron ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuzinzileyo kwe-reactor. Indawo yayo yokunyibilika ephezulu (3,652°C), ukumelana nokugqwala, kunye nokuzinza kwemitha (ukugcina ubuqotho besakhiwo phantsi kokuvezwa kwemitha ixesha elide) kwenza ukuba ibe lukhetho olufanelekileyo lweentonga zokulawula i-reactor yenyukliya kunye nezinto zokukhusela. Umzekelo, i-reactor yaseTshayina epholileyo ngegesi (HTGR) isebenzisa i-graphite ye-nuclear-grade njengezinto ezisisiseko zezinto zamafutha, ngolawulo olungqongqo kumxholo wokungcola (ingakumbi i-boron) kumanqanaba e-ppm ukuthintela ukuphazamiseka kokufunxwa kwe-neutron.
Ukusebenza Okuzinzileyo Kwiimeko Ezinobushushu Obuphezulu
Kwi-reactors zenyukliya, i-graphite kufuneka imelane namaqondo obushushu agqithisileyo (ukuya kuthi ga kwi-2,000°C) kunye neendawo ezishushu zemitha. Ukuqhuba kwayo okuphezulu kobushushu (100–200 W/m·K) kwenza kube lula ukudlulisa ubushushu ngokukhawuleza ngaphakathi kwi-reactor, kunciphisa iindawo ezishushu kwaye kuphuculwe ukusebenza kakuhle kolawulo lobushushu. Umzekelo, ii-HTGR zesizukulwana sesine zisebenzisa i-graphite njengezinto ezisisiseko zokwakha, zifezekisa ukusetyenziswa kakuhle kwe-nuclear fuel ngokusebenzisa iziphumo ze-graphite zokucothisa i-neutron.
Imingeni yeTekhnoloji kunye neempumelelo zasekhaya
- Ukudumba kweNeutron Irradiation: Ukuvezwa ixesha elide kwi-neutron irradiation kubangela ukwanda komthamo wegrafiti (ukudumba kwe-neutron), okunokubeka emngciphekweni ukuthembeka kwesakhiwo se-reactor. I-China inciphise oku ngokuphucula ulwakhiwo lwegrafiti (umz., ukusebenzisa i-isotropic graphite) ukulawula amazinga okudumba angaphantsi kwe-0.5%.
- Ukusebenza kweRadioactive: I-Graphite ivelisa ii-isotopes zeradioactive (umz., i-carbon-14) emva kokusetyenziswa kwe-reactor, nto leyo edinga iinkqubo ezikhethekileyo (umz., iteknoloji ye-HTGR's coated particle fuel) ukunciphisa iingozi zokusebenza.
- Uphuhliso lweMveliso yasekhaya: Ngowama-2025, i-graphite yaseTshayina ye-nuclear-grade yee-HTGRs yaphumelela isiqinisekiso sikazwelonke, apho imfuno iqikelelwa ukuba idlule kwiitoni ezingama-20,000 zemetric, nto leyo eyaphula uqoqosho lwangaphandle. Elinye ishishini lanciphisa iindleko ze-graphite ye-nuclear-grade ngama-30% ngokuseka amandla okuvelisa i-needle coke yasekhaya, nto leyo eyandisa ukhuphiswano lwehlabathi.
III. Iintsebenziswano phakathi kwamacandelo ahlukeneyo kunye neendlela zexesha elizayo
Ubuchule bezinto ezintsha obuqhuba uphuculo lokusebenza
- Uphuhliso lwezinto ezidityanisiweyo: Ukudibanisa i-graphite nee-resins okanye ii-carbon fibers kuphucula amandla oomatshini kunye nokumelana nokugqwala. Umzekelo, ii-graphite-resin bipolar plates zandisa ubomi benkonzo ukuya kwiminyaka engaphezu kwemihlanu kwii-electrolyzers ze-chlor-alkali zoshishino.
- Iiteknoloji zoGuqulo lomphezulu: Iingubo zeNitride ziphucula ukuhanjiswa kombane kwegraphite, zijongana nokuhanjiswa kwayo okuphantsi xa kuthelekiswa neentsimbi kwaye zihlangabezana neemfuno zeeseli zamafutha ezinamandla aphezulu.
Ukuhlanganiswa kweCandelo leMizi-mveliso kunye noLwakhiwo lweHlabathi
Amashishini aseTshayina aqinisekisa uzinzo lwezinto eziluhlaza ngotyalo-mali lwemigodi yegrafiti phesheya (umz., iMozambique) kunye nokusasazwa kwezityalo zokucubungula zaseMalaysia, ngelixa egcina ubuchwepheshe obuphambili ngaphakathi. Ukuthatha inxaxheba ekumiselweni kwemigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe (umz., imigangatho yovavanyo lwe-electrode yegrafiti ye-ISO) kuqinisa ubunkokeli bezobuchwepheshe kwaye kujongana nemithetho yokusingqongileyo efana nerhafu yomda wekhabhoni ye-EU.
Umgaqo-nkqubo kunye noKhulo oluQhutywa yiMarike
I-China ijonge ukwandisa isabelo sokwenza intsimbi yesithando somlilo se-arc sombane ukuya kwi-15%-20% ngo-2025, nto leyo eyandisa ngokungathanga ngqo imfuno ye-graphite electrode. Okwangoku, amacandelo asakhasayo afana namandla e-hydrogen kunye nokugcinwa kwamandla anika amathuba emarike e-trillion-yuan kwii-graphite electrodes. Izicwangciso zokuvuselelwa kwamandla enyukliya kwihlabathi liphela (umz., umgomo waseJapan wezithuthi ze-hydrogen ezingama-20% ngo-2030 kunye notyalo-mali olwandisiweyo lwenyukliya yaseYurophu) ziya kwandisa ngakumbi ukusetyenziswa kwee-graphite electrodes kwimijikelo yamafutha enyukliya kunye nemveliso ye-hydrogen.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Agasti-05-2025