Iipateni zokufuduka kunye nokuguquguquka kwezinto ezilandelelanayo ezifana ne-sodium (Na), vanadium (V), nickel (Ni), kunye ne-calcium (Ca) kwi-petroleum coke ngexesha le-calcination zichatshazelwa bubushushu, iifom ze-occurrence, kunye neempendulo zeekhemikhali. Iipateni ezithile zezi zilandelayo:
1. Ukufuduka kunye nokuNgaguquguquki kweSodium (Na)
- Inqanaba lobushushu obuphantsi (<1000°C): I-sodium ifumaneka ikakhulu kwimo yeetyuwa ezingaphiliyo (umz., i-sodium sulfate, i-sodium chloride) okanye ii-organic complexes, ezinokuguquguquka okuphantsi. Njengoko ubushushu bunyuka, bubola kancinci kancinci bube zii-gaseous oxides (umz., i-Na₂O) okanye ii-hydroxides (umz., i-NaOH).
- Inqanaba lobushushu obuphezulu (>1000°C): Ukuguquguquka kwe-sodium kukhula kakhulu. Iikhompawundi ezenziwe nge-sulfur kunye ne-chlorine (umz., i-Na₂S, i-NaCl) ziyanyibilika okanye zibole ngokulula kubushushu obuphezulu, nto leyo ebangela ukuba i-sodium iphume kwimo yegesi.
- Izinto ezichaphazelayo: Ukuguquguquka kwe-sodium kuchaphazeleka kakhulu yi-calcination atmosphere (i-oxidizing/reduction). Phantsi kweemeko ezinciphisayo, i-sodium inokwenzeka ukuba iguqulwe ibe yi-sulfides.
2. Ukufuduka kunye nokuwohloka kweVanadium (V)
- Iifom zokwenzeka: I-Vanadium kwi-petroleum coke ifumaneka ikakhulu kwiifom ezibotshelelwe kwi-organic (umz., i-vanadyl porphyrins) kunye neefom ezizinzileyo (umz., i-vanadium oxides, i-silicates).
- Inqanaba lobushushu obuphantsi (<1100°C): I-vanadium ebotshelelwe kwi-organic iyabola kancinci kancinci xa ubushushu busanda, iguquke ibe ziifom ezinyibilikayo emanzini, ezitshintshisanayo kwi-ion, okanye ezibotshelelwe kwi-carbonate. Ezinye i-vanadium zisabela kunye ne-calcium kunye neeminerali zesinyithi ukuze zenze i-eutectics esezantsi.
- Inqanaba lobushushu obuphezulu (>1100°C): Ukuguquguquka kwevanadium kukhula ngokukhawuleza. Ivanadium ebotshelelwe kwi-organic ibola ngokukhawuleza ibe ziintlobo ze-VOₓ zegesi (umz., VO, V₂O₅), ngelixa ivanadium ezinzileyo (umz., V₂O₃) inyibilika kancinci kwaye ikhuphe inani elincinci levanadium kubushushu obuphezulu.
- Izinto ezichaphazelayo: Ukuguquguquka kwevanadium kuchaphazeleka bubushushu, izinga lokutsha, kunye nokwakheka kweeminerali. Kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu, ivanadium yenza izakhiwo ze-nanocrystalline ezine-silicon kunye ne-sulfur, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuguqukeni okuncinci kwimo yegesi.
3. Ukufuduka kunye nokuwohloka kweNickel (Ni)
- Iifom zeziganeko: I-Nickel kwi-petroleum coke ifumaneka ngokuyintloko ngohlobo lwe-sulfides (Ni₃S₂), ii-oxides (NiO2), okanye ii-silicates.
- Inqanaba lobushushu obuphantsi (<900°C): I-Nickel ikhona njenge-Ni₃S₂, kwaye iguquguqukayo iphantsi.
- Inqanaba lobushushu obuphakathi (900–1200°C): I-Ni₃S₂ itshintsha kancinci ibe yi-NiS kwi-slag engamanzi, ifikelela kumxholo we-NiS omalunga ne-22.4% kwi-1200°C, ngaphambi kokuba ibuyele kwi-Ni₃S₂ njengoko ubushushu bunyuka ngakumbi.
- Inqanaba lobushushu obuphezulu (>1400°C): I-Nickel iyatshintshatshintsha ngohlobo lwee-gaseous compounds (umz., Ni(g), NiS(g)), kodwa i-Ni₃S₂ ayiguquki ngokuthe ngqo ibe yi-solid Ni(s).
- Izinto ezichaphazelayo: Ukuguquguquka kwe-nickel kuchaphazeleka kakhulu zii-arhente ezivuselela igesi (umz., O₂, H₂O). Ukongezwa kwe-O₂ kuthintela ukuguqulwa kwe-Ni₃S₂ kwi-elemental Ni kwaye kuthintela ukwakheka kwee-spinel compounds (umz., NiAl₂O₄).
4. Ukufuduka kunye nokuNgabikho kweCalcium (Ca)
- Iifom zokwenzeka: I-calcium kwi-petroleum coke ifumaneka ngokuyintloko kwimo ye-carbonates (CaCO₃), i-sulfates (CaSO₄), okanye i-silicates.
- Inqanaba lobushushu obuphantsi (<800°C): IiCarbonates ziyabola zibe yiCaO kunye neCO₂, ngelixa iisulfates zibola zibe yiCaO kunye neSO₃, nto leyo ekhokelela ekutyebiseni icalcium kwimo ye-oxide.
- Inqanaba lobushushu obuphakathi (800–1200°C): I-CaO isabela kunye ne-silicon kunye ne-aluminium ukuze yenze iiminerali ezinamaqondo aphantsi okunyibilika (umz., i-anorthite CaAl₂Si₂O₈), kunye ne-calcium ethile eseleyo kwimo eqinileyo.
- Inqanaba lobushushu obuphezulu (>1200°C): Ukuguquguquka kwe-calcium kuphantsi, kodwa iiminerali ezincibilika kancinci zinokunyibilika okanye zibole kancinci kubushushu obuphezulu, nto leyo ebangela ukuba i-calcium ifuduke kwimo yegesi okanye yolwelo.
- Izinto ezichaphazelayo: Ukufuduka kwe-calcium kuchaphazeleka kakhulu yi-silica-alumina ratio kunye ne-iron-calcium ratio. Ukwanda kwe-silica-alumina ratio kukhuthaza ukuguqulwa kwe-FeV₂O₄ ukuya kwi-V₂O₃, ngelixa ukwanda kwe-iron-calcium ratio kuthintela ukwakheka kwe-CaAl₂Si₂O₈.
Iipateni eziBanzi
- Ukuxhomekeka kubushushu: Izinga lokuguquguquka kwezinto ezilandelelanayo liyanda ngobushushu, kodwa amazinga obushushu okuguquguquka ayahluka kakhulu phakathi kwezinto (umz., i-vanadium iguquka ngokukhawuleza ngaphezu kwe-1100°C, ngelixa i-nickel iba nkulu ngaphezu kwe-1400°C).
- Impembelelo yeefom zokwenzeka: Izinto ezilandelelanayo ezibotshelelwe kwi-organic (umz., i-organic vanadium) zitshintshatshintsha ngakumbi kuneefom ezizinzileyo (umz., i-vanadium oxides).
- Ulawulo lokuphendula ngeekhemikhali: Ukuguquguquka kwezinto ezilandelelanayo kulawulwa ziimpendulo ezinesalfure kunye nekhlorine, zenze i-low-melting-point okanye ii-gaseous compounds (umz., Na₂S, VOₓ).
- Imiyalelo yokwenza ngcono inkqubo: Ukulawula ubushushu be-calcination, umoya, kunye nezongezo (umz., izilungisi ze-silica-alumina ratio) zinokuthintela ukuguquguquka kwezinto ezinobungozi kwaye ziphucule umgangatho we-calcined coke.
Ixesha leposi: Epreli-17-2026